Over the centuries, TCM has evolved, shaped by contributions from many physicians, scholars, and medical texts. Several key historical periods have contributed to the growth of TCM:
Qin and Han Dynasties (221 BCE – 220 CE):
This period saw the formalization of medical practices, with notable texts such as the Huang Di Nei Jing and Shang Han Za Bing Lun (Treatise on Cold Damage and Miscellaneous Diseases) by Zhang Zhongjing. Zhang’s work laid the foundation for diagnostic methods like bianzheng lunzhi (differentiating patterns for treatment) and emphasized using herbal formulas based on symptom patterns.
Tang Dynasty (618 – 907 CE):
The Tang Dynasty was marked by the compilation of comprehensive medical texts, such as Sun Simiao’s Qian Jin Yao Fang (Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold). Sun Simiao is celebrated for his ethical medical principles and contributions to the development of herbal medicine, acupuncture, and preventive healthcare.
Song, Jin, and Yuan Dynasties (960 – 1368 CE):
During this period, medical theory and practice became more specialized. Zhang Yuansu contributed to the understanding of medicinal properties and their specific effects on the body’s meridians. This era also saw the growth of external therapies like acupuncture and moxibustion.
Ming Dynasty (1368 – 1644 CE):
The Ming Dynasty witnessed the publication of the Ben Cao Gang Mu (Compendium of Materia Medica) by Li Shizhen, one of the most comprehensive medical texts in TCM history. It cataloged thousands of herbs, minerals, and animal products, their properties, and their uses, becoming an essential reference for generations of practitioners.
Modern Era (20th Century – Present):
In the 20th century, TCM faced challenges from Western medicine but also saw a resurgence of interest. In 1949, with the establishment of the People’s Republic of China, TCM was institutionalized alongside Western medicine, leading to its standardization and modernization. Research institutions and universities were founded to promote both TCM education and scientific research. Today, TCM is practiced globally, often integrated with modern healthcare systems, and has gained international recognition, particularly for treatments like acupuncture and herbal medicine.